{"id":53,"date":"2007-04-04T23:57:21","date_gmt":"2007-04-04T14:57:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/?p=53"},"modified":"2024-09-03T04:17:13","modified_gmt":"2024-09-03T04:17:13","slug":"legal-institutions-of-shang-and-zhou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/?p=53","title":{"rendered":"Legal institutions of Shang and Zhou"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Reading:<br \/>\nLiu, Yongping, <em>Origins of Chinese law<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/origins_ch1.pdf\">ch. 1 (file size: 2.1 Mb)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/old\/origins_ch4.pdf\">ch. 4 (file size: 2.0 Mb)<\/a><br \/>\nBook review (see pp. 650-653 of <a href=\"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/old\/Liu_book_review.pdf\">this file<\/a>)<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinapage.com\/confucius\/shujing-e.html\">Select texts from <em>Shu Jing<\/em><\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinaknowledge.de\/History\/Zhou\/zhou-event.html\">Historical background<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/?p=3594\">Shu Jing, Kang Gao<\/a><br \/>\nRegarding the feudal state of Wei \u885b (which was placed under the rulership of Kang Shu), see <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinaknowledge.de\/History\/Zhou\/rulers-wey.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>1. Human sacrifice<\/strong><\/h4>\n<table style=\"height: 230px;\" width=\"727\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Yin dynasty<\/td>\n<td>Wu Ding(1254-1197), about 60 years<\/td>\n<td>Zu Geng - Wen Wu Ding (1206-1110), about 90 years<\/td>\n<td>Di Yi - Di Xin (1121 - 1041), about 60 years<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Human sacrifice<\/td>\n<td>5418<\/td>\n<td>1950<\/td>\n<td>75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Highest number of humans killed per ceremony<\/td>\n<td>1000<\/td>\n<td>300<\/td>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Number of tortoise shells where human acrifice is mentioned.<\/td>\n<td>379 pieces<\/td>\n<td>277 pieces<\/td>\n<td>32 pieces<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Huang Zhanyue, <i>A General Treatise on Ancient Human Sacrifice<\/i> (<span title=\"Chinese-language text\"><span lang=\"zh\">\u53e4\u4ee3\u4eba\u7272\u4eba\u6b89\u901a\u8bba<\/span><\/span>)<\/p>\n<h4><strong>2. Pre-Zhou punishments (wu xing \u4e94\u5211, etc.)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Emperor Xun showed proper punishments. He used banishment to mitigate five punishments, used whips as official punishments, used sticks for educational punishments, used fine for redemption punishments. If the offence was not deliberate and resulted from a mishap, pardon was granted. If the offence was deliberate, the offender was executed. (Shang Shu, Xun Dian 6) \u8c61\u4ee5\u5178\u5211\uff0c\u6d41\u5ba5\u4e94\u5211\uff0c\u97ad\u4f5c\u5b98\u5211\uff0c\u6251\u4f5c\u6559\u5211\uff0c\u91d1\u4f5c\u8d16\u5211\u3002\u771a\u707d\u8086\u8d66\uff0c\u6019\u7d42\u8cca\u5211 (\u5c1a\u66f8, \u821c\u5178 6)<\/li>\n<li>Emperor Xun said, \"Listen Gao Yao.\u00a0 Barbarian tribes are harrassing us and there are robbers, murderers, insurgents and traitors. As the judicial officer, you should apply five punishments to ensure their submission.\" (Shang Shu, Xun Dian 12) \u5e1d\u66f0 \u768b\u9676\uff0c\u883b\u5937\u733e\u590f\uff0c\u5bc7\u8cca\u59e6\u5b84\u3002\u6c5d\u4f5c\u58eb\uff0c\u4e94\u5211\u6709\u670d (\u5c1a\u66f8, \u821c\u5178 12)<\/li>\n<li>According to the law of Yin, anyone who throws ashes on a public road shall have his hands cut. (<em>Han Fei Zi<\/em>, Nei Zhe Shuo I, 33) \u6bb7\u4e4b\u6cd5\uff0c\u68c4\u7070\u4e8e\u516c\u9053\u8005\u65b7\u5176\u624b (\u97d3\u975e\u5b50, \u5167\u5132\u8aaa\u4e0a 33)<\/li>\n<li>People of Yin used the five punishments to deal with traitorous crimes. By inflicting mutilation, they admonished evil deeds. (Han Shu, Dong Zhong Shu Zhuan 19) \u6bb7\u4eba\u57f7\u4e94\u5211\u4ee5\u7763\u59e6\uff0c\u50b7\u808c\u819a\u4ee5\u61f2\u60e1 (\u6f22\u66f8, \u8463\u4ef2\u8212\u50b3 19)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"western\"><strong>3. Textual evidence of Shang punishments<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">If you do not obey the words which I have spoken, I will put you and your children to death; and you will find no forgiveness.\u00a0 (Shang Shu, Tang Shi [admonitions of king Tang of Shang addressed to the members of Shang zu]) \u723e\u4e0d\u5f9e\u8a93\u8a00\uff0c\u4e88\u5247\u5b65\u622e\u6c5d\uff0c\u7f54\u6709\u6538\u8d66 (\u5c1a\u66f8, \u6e6f\u8a93 2)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">Without regard to whether you are close to me or not, those who commit crime shall be executed and those who demonstrate good deeds shall be praised. If the country prospers, it is thanks to you all. If the country does not prosper, it is all due to my fault in administering the punishments (Shang Shu, Pan Geng [the speech of king Pan Geng of Shang to his people]) \u7121\u6709\u9060\u9087\uff0c\u7528\u7f6a\u4f10\u53a5\u6b7b\uff0c\u7528\u5fb7\u5f70\u53a5\u5584\u3002\u90a6\u4e4b\u81e7\uff0c\u60df\u6c5d\u773e\uff1b\u90a6\u4e4b\u4e0d\u81e7\uff0c\u60df\u4e88\u4e00\u4eba\u6709\u4f5a\u7f70 (\u5c1a\u66f8,\u00a0\u76e4\u5e9a\u4e0a 7)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"western\"><strong>4. Shang society<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">zu (<span style=\"font-family: NanumGothic;\"><span lang=\"ko-KR\">\u65cf<\/span><\/span>): gens? cf. Marcus Tullius Cicero, Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus (nomen gentilicium)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">zu yi (<span style=\"font-family: NanumGothic;\"><span lang=\"ko-KR\">\u65cf\u9091<\/span><\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">zu yin (<span style=\"font-family: NanumGothic;\"><span lang=\"ko-KR\">\u65cf\u5c39<\/span><\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">zu customary law, clan law<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"western\"><strong>5. Shang and its neighbours<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">Shang: a loose federation of numerous zu (clans) with blood ties<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">Fang: neighbouring \"states\", with no blood tie with clans making up Shang<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>6. Zhou punishments (wu xing, continued)<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>If there are doubts, five punishments should be commuted to five fines. If there are doubts, five fines should also be commuted. (Shang Shu, Lu Xing 7) \u4e94\u5211\u4e4b\u7591\u6709\u8d66\uff0c\u4e94\u7f70\u4e4b\u7591\u6709\u8d66 (\u5c19\u66f8, \u5442\u5211 7)<\/li>\n<li>When Tatooing should be commuted, fine of 100 Huan must be applied. When cutting off the nose is commuted, the fine should be doubled. When cutting off the foot is commuted, the fine should be more than double depending on the seriousness of the offence. When castration is commuted, fine of 600 Huan must be applied. When capital punishment is commuted, fine of 1000 Huan should be applied. (Shang Shu, Lu Xing 7)<\/li>\n<li>In total, 3000 offences are subject to five punishments. \u4e94\u5211\u4e4b\u5c6c\u4e09\u5343 (Shang Shu, Lu Xing 7)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>7. Punishments (\u5211) and virtue (\u5fb7)<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Officers controlled the people with appropriate punishments and taught them to uphold virtues with respect (Shang Shu, Lu Xing 3) \u58eb\u5236\u767e\u59d3\u4e8e\u5211\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u6559\u7957\u5fb7<\/li>\n<li>He occupies the high throne with dignity, shining brightly to the four corners of the kingdom. He does not fail to abide by the virtues and thus ensures the appropriate application of punishments. He thus leads the people so that they can all be upright (Shang Shu, Lu Xing 3) \u7a46\u7a46\u5728\u4e0a\uff0c\u660e\u660e\u5728\u4e0b\uff0c\u707c\u4e8e\u56db\u65b9\uff0c\u7f54\u4e0d\u60df\u5fb7\u4e4b\u52e4\uff0c\u6545\u4e43\u660e\u4e8e\u5211\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7387\u4e42\u4e8e\u6c11\u68d0\u5f5d<\/li>\n<li>Those who harm others would be placed in remote prison with hard labour. With clear punishments, let them have a sense of shame. \u51e1\u5bb3\u4eba\u8005\uff0c\u7f6e\u4e4b\u571c\u571f\u800c\u65bd\u8077\u4e8b\u7109\uff0c\u4ee5\u660e\u5211\u6065\u4e4b(<span lang=\"ko-KR\">\u5468\u79ae<\/span>, <span lang=\"ko-KR\">\u79cb\u5b98\u53f8\u5bc7 <\/span>57)<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"ko-KR\">A noble man uses punishments in clear and prudent manner \u541b\u5b50\u4ee5\u660e\u614e\u7528\u5211 (<\/span><span lang=\"ko-KR\">\u6613\u7d93<\/span>, \u4df7<span lang=\"ko-KR\">\u65c5<\/span>, <span lang=\"ko-KR\">\u8c61\u50b3<\/span>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 class=\"western\"><strong>8. <em>Tian Ming Mi Chang<\/em> \u5929\u547d\u9761\u5e38 (\u9761 =\u7121)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">\u5c19\u66f8, <a href=\"http:\/\/ctext.org\/shang-shu\/speech-of-tang\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u6e6f\u8a93<\/a> (Tang Shi) King Tang of Yin\u2019s speech (on the occasion of attacking <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinaknowledge.de\/History\/Myth\/personsjie.html\">Jie \u6840 of Xia \u590f<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">\u738b\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u683c\u723e\u773e\u5eb6\uff0c\u6089\u807d\u6715\u8a00\uff0c\u975e\u53f0\u5c0f\u5b50\uff0c\u6562\u884c\u7a31\u4e82\uff01\u6709\u590f\u591a\u7f6a\uff0c\u5929\u547d\u6b9b\u4e4b\u3002<br \/>\nKing said, \u201cCome, ye multitudes of the people, listen all to my words. It is not I, the little child, who dare to undertake a rebellious enterprise; but for the many crimes of the sovereign of Xia, Heaven has given the charge to destroy him.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">\u590f\u6c0f\u6709\u7f6a\uff0c\u4e88\u754f\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4e0d\u6562\u4e0d\u6b63\u3002(the sovereign of Xia is guilty, and as I fear the emperor in Heaven, I dare not but punish him.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">\u5c1a\u66f8, <a href=\"http:\/\/ctext.org\/shang-shu\/great-declaration-i\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u6cf0\u8a93<\/a> (King Wu \u6b66\u738b of Zh\u014du\u5468\u2019s speech on the occasion of attacking <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/King_Zhou_of_Shang\">King Zh\u00f2u \u7d02\u738b of Yin \u6bb7<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">\u5546\u7f6a\u8cab\u76c8\uff0c\u5929\u547d\u8a85\u4e4b\u3002\u4e88\u5f17\u9806\u5929\uff0c\u53a5\u7f6a\u60df\u921e\u3002The iniquity of Shang is full. Heaven gives command to destroy it. If I did not obey Heaven, my iniquity would be as great.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">\u60df\u5929\u60e0\u6c11\uff0c\u60df\u8f9f\u5949\u5929'Just as Heaven showers benefits to people, the sovereign should reverently carry out Heaven's commands. )<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">\u53e4\u4eba\u6709\u8a00\u66f0\uff1a\u300e\u64ab\u6211\u5247\u540e\uff0c\u8650\u6211\u5247\u4ec7\u3002\u300f\u7368\u592b\u53d7\u6d2a\u60df\u4f5c\u5a01\uff0c\u4e43\u6c5d\u4e16\u4ec7\u3002The ancients have said, \"He who soothes us is our sovereign; he who oppresses us is our enemy.\" This solitary fellow Shou, having exercised great tyranny, is your perpetual enemy. ) King Zhou (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/King_Zhou_of_Shang\">\u7d02\u738b<\/a>) = Sh\u00f2u (\u53d7) or Sh\u00f2ud\u00e9 (\u53d7\u5fb7)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"western\">\u8a69\u7d93, \u6587\u738b<br \/>\n\u7a46\u7a46\u6587\u738b\u3001\u65bc\u7ddd\u7199\u656c\u6b62\u3002<br \/>\nProfound was king Wen; Oh! continuous and bright was his feeling of reverence.<br \/>\n\u5047\u54c9\u5929\u547d\u3001\u6709\u5546\u5b6b\u5b50<br \/>\nGreat is the appointment of Heaven! There were the descendants of [the sovereigns] of Shang; -<br \/>\n\u5546\u4e4b\u5b6b\u5b50\u3001\u5176\u9e97\u4e0d\u5104<br \/>\nThe descendants of the sovereigns of Shang, Were in number more than hundreds of thousands;<br \/>\n\u4e0a\u5e1d\u65e2\u547d\u3001\u4faf\u4e8e\u5468\u670d<br \/>\nBut when the ruler in Heaven gave the command, They became subject to Zhou.<br \/>\n\u4faf\u670d\u4e8e\u5468\u3001\u5929\u547d\u9761\u5e38<br \/>\nThey became subject to Zhou. The appointment of Heaven is not constant.<br \/>\n...<br \/>\n\u4e0a\u5929\u4e4b\u8f09\u3001\u7121\u8072\u7121\u81ed\u3002<br \/>\nThe doings of high Heaven, Have neither sound nor smell.<br \/>\n\u5100\u5211\u6587\u738b\u3001\u842c\u90a6\u4f5c\u5b5a\u3002<br \/>\nTake your pattern from king Wen, And the myriad regions will repose confidence in you.(\u5b5a=\u4fe1)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"pdfprnt-buttons pdfprnt-buttons-post pdfprnt-bottom-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F53&print=pdf\" class=\"pdfprnt-button pdfprnt-button-pdf\" target=\"_blank\" ><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F53&print=print\" class=\"pdfprnt-button pdfprnt-button-print\" target=\"_blank\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-print\/images\/print.png\" alt=\"image_print\" title=\"Print Content\" \/><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Reading: Liu, Yongping, Origins of Chinese law, ch. 1 (file size: 2.1 Mb), ch. 4 (file size: 2.0 Mb) Book review (see pp. 650-653 of this file) Select texts from Shu Jing Historical background Shu Jing, Kang Gao Regarding the feudal state of Wei \u885b (which was placed under the rulership of Kang Shu), see <a href=\"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/?p=53\" class=\"more-link\">...continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \"Legal institutions of Shang and Zhou\"<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-53","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-uncategorized","7":"h-entry","8":"hentry","9":"h-as-article"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=53"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3902,"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53\/revisions\/3902"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=53"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=53"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=53"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}