{"id":1654,"date":"2014-10-27T11:39:53","date_gmt":"2014-10-27T02:39:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/?p=1654"},"modified":"2014-10-27T11:39:53","modified_gmt":"2014-10-27T02:39:53","slug":"limits-of-rationality-supra-rationality-of-ethical-choice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/?p=1654","title":{"rendered":"Limits of rationality – \u2018supra-rationality\u2019 of ethical choice"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rightness v. Benefit (\u7fa9 v \u5229)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Confucius said, \u201cA noble man finds joy in rightness, the petty and the lowly find joy in benefit.\u201d (Lunyu, 4.16)
\n\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u541b\u5b50\u55bb\u65bc\u7fa9\uff0c\u5c0f\u4eba\u55bb\u65bc\u5229\u3002\u300d (\u91cc\u4ec1, 4.16)<\/p>\n

Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ee9c<\/a><\/p>\n

Mengzi had audience with King Hui of Liang. The King said, \u201cYou did not consider thousands of milesto be a long distance and came all the way to see me. That means that you have something which would benefit my country.\u201d Mengzi replied, \u201cWhy do you have to mention benefit? There is also ethical integrity and rightness. If the King would say, \u2018How can I benefit my country?\u2019 then magnats would say \u2018How can I benefit my household?\u2019 Ordinary citizens would say, \u2018How can I benefit myself?\u2019 If people of higher status and lower status invade each other to gain benefit, the country will be in a peril. The lord of a country with 10,000 chariots will be assassinated by a lord with 1,000 chariots. The lord of a country with 1,000 chariots will be assissinated by a lord with 100 chariots. Alternatively, a lord with 10,000 chariots will conquer a lord with 1,000 chariots. A lord with 1,000 chariots will conquer a lord with 100 chariots. Such events would not be rare. If you put benefit before rightness, you would keep grabbing others\u2019 shares. He who has ethical integrity has never abandoned his parents. He who has rightness has never treated his ruler as being of secondary importance. The King should also talk about ethical integrity and rightness. Why do you mention benefit? (Mengzi, Liang Hui Wang I)
\n\u5b5f\u5b50\u898b\u6881\u60e0\u738b\u3002\u738b\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u53df\u4e0d\u9060\u5343\u91cc\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u4ea6\u5c07\u6709\u4ee5\u5229\u543e\u570b\u4e4e\uff1f\u300d
\n\u5b5f\u5b50\u5c0d\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u738b\u4f55\u5fc5\u66f0\u5229\uff1f\u4ea6\u6709\u4ec1\u7fa9\u800c\u5df2\u77e3\u3002\u738b\u66f0\u300e\u4f55\u4ee5\u5229\u543e\u570b\u300f\uff1f\u5927\u592b\u66f0\u300e\u4f55\u4ee5\u5229\u543e\u5bb6\u300f\uff1f\u58eb\u5eb6\u4eba\u66f0\u300e\u4f55\u4ee5\u5229\u543e\u8eab\u300f\uff1f\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4ea4\u5f81\u5229\u800c\u570b\u5371\u77e3\u3002\u842c\u4e58\u4e4b\u570b\u5f12\u5176\u541b\u8005\uff0c\u5fc5\u5343\u4e58\u4e4b\u5bb6\uff1b\u5343\u4e58\u4e4b\u570b\u5f12\u5176\u541b\u8005\uff0c\u5fc5\u767e\u4e58\u4e4b\u5bb6\u3002\u842c\u53d6\u5343\u7109\uff0c\u5343\u53d6\u767e\u7109\uff0c\u4e0d\u70ba\u4e0d\u591a\u77e3\u3002\u82df\u70ba\u5f8c\u7fa9\u800c\u5148\u5229\uff0c\u4e0d\u596a\u4e0d\u995c\u3002\u672a\u6709\u4ec1\u800c\u907a\u5176\u89aa\u8005\u4e5f\uff0c\u672a\u6709\u7fa9\u800c\u5f8c\u5176\u541b\u8005\u4e5f\u3002\u738b\u4ea6\u66f0\u4ec1\u7fa9\u800c\u5df2\u77e3\uff0c\u4f55\u5fc5\u66f0\u5229\uff1f\u300d (\ub9f9\uc790, \uc591\ud61c\uc655 \uc0c1, 1.1)<\/p>\n

Confucius said, \u201cIf you pursue benefit in your conduct, you will attract a lot of grievances.\u201d
\n\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u653e\u65bc\u5229\u800c\u884c\uff0c\u591a\u6028\u3002\u300d (\u91cc\u4ec1, 4.12)<\/p>\n

Ethical integrity and Benefit (\u4ec1 and \u5229)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Confucius said, \u201cThose who do not have ethical integrity cannot remain bound by ethics for long. They cannot remain joyfully bound by ethics for long. Those who have ethical integrity are at peace with ethics. Wise people derive benefit from their ethical integrity.
\n\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u4e0d\u4ec1\u8005\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e45\u8655\u7d04\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u9577\u8655\u6a02\u3002\u4ec1\u8005\u5b89\u4ec1\uff0c\u77e5\u8005\u5229\u4ec1\u3002\u300d (\u91cc\u4ec1, 4.2)<\/p>\n

The Master said, \u2018Delighted is a man of wisdom, like free-flowing water. Delighted is a man of ethical integrity, like a majestic mountain. A man of wisdom is dynamic. A man of ethical integrity is serene. A man of wisdom is full of joy. A man of ethical integrity\u00a0lasts long.\u2019
\n\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u77e5\u8005\u6a02\u6c34\uff0c\u4ec1\u8005\u6a02\u5c71\uff1b\u77e5\u8005\u52d5\uff0c\u4ec1\u8005\u975c\uff1b\u77e5\u8005\u6a02\uff0c\u4ec1\u8005\u58fd\u3002\u300d (\u96cd\u4e5f, 6.23)<\/p>\n

Futile efforts?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zilu was spending a night at Shi Men. The gatekeeper asked him, \"Where do you come from?\". Zilu replied, \"I am with Mr Kong.\" The gatekeeper said, \"You mean, the guy who does things knowing that they are not feasible?\"
\n\u5b50\u8def\u5bbf\u65bc\u77f3\u9580\u3002\u6668\u9580\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u595a\u81ea\uff1f\u300d\u5b50\u8def\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u81ea\u5b54\u6c0f\u3002\u300d\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u662f\u77e5\u5176\u4e0d\u53ef\u800c\u70ba\u4e4b\u8005\u8207\uff1f\u300d (\u61b2\u554f, 14.38)<\/p>\n

\u2018Objective\u2019 recognition?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018People don\u2019t understand you and you don\u2019t mind; you sure are a noble man!\u2019
\n\u4eba\u4e0d\u77e5\u800c\u4e0d\u614d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ea6\u541b\u5b50\u4e4e\uff1f (\u5b78\u800c, 1.1)<\/p>\n

\u2018Do not worry if others do not understand you; you should worry if you do not understand others.\u2019
\n\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u4e0d\u60a3\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e0d\u5df1\u77e5\uff0c\u60a3\u4e0d\u77e5\u4eba\u4e5f\u3002\u300d (\u5b78\u800c, 1.16)<\/p>\n

Zi Gong asked? \"If a person is liked by everyone in the village, how about him?\" The master said, \"That is not enough.\" \"If a person is hated by everyone in the village, how about him?\" The Master said, \"That is not enough. It is better to be\u00a0liked by the good people of the village and hated by the bad people of the village.\"
\n\u5b50\u8ca2\u554f\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u9109\u4eba\u7686\u597d\u4e4b\uff0c\u4f55\u5982\uff1f\u300d\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u672a\u53ef\u4e5f\u3002\u300d\u300c\u9109\u4eba\u7686\u60e1\u4e4b\uff0c\u4f55\u5982\uff1f\u300d\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u672a\u53ef\u4e5f\u3002\u4e0d\u5982\u9109\u4eba\u4e4b\u5584\u8005\u597d\u4e4b\uff0c\u5176\u4e0d\u5584\u8005\u60e1\u4e4b\u3002\u300d (\u5b50\u8def, 13.24)<\/p>\n

The master said, \u2018A noble man\u2019s standard is the whole world. Nothing is correct, nothing is incorrect. He abides only by the rightness.\u2019
\n\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u541b\u5b50\u4e4b\u65bc\u5929\u4e0b\u4e5f\uff0c\u7121\u9069\u4e5f\uff0c\u7121\u83ab\u4e5f\uff0c\u7fa9\u4e4b\u8207\u6bd4\u3002\u300d (\u91cc\u4ec1, 4.10)<\/p>\n

\u2018Genuine heart\u2019, unconcerned by social pressure or censure.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lin Fang asked about the root of Li. The Master said, \u2018Great question! Regarding Li, you should rather be frugal than splashing out. Regarding funeral, you should rather have a genuine sentiment of poignancy than nicely decorating the graves.
\n\u6797\u653e\u554f\u79ae\u4e4b\u672c\u3002\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u5927\u54c9\u554f\uff01\u79ae\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u5962\u4e5f\uff0c\u5be7\u5109\uff1b\u55aa\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u6613\u4e5f\uff0c\u5be7\u621a\u3002\u300d (\u516b\u4f7e, 3.4)<\/p>\n

People start to cut grass around the grave only recently.
\n\u6613\u5893\uff0c\u975e\u53e4\u4e5f\u3002(\uc608\uae30, \ub2e8\uad81 55) (\u6613=\u829f\u6cbb\u8349\u6728; \uc0bc\uce58\ucd08\ubaa9) \ubc8c\ucd08\ub97c \ud558\uace0 \ubb18\ub97c \uac00\uafb8\ub294 \uc77c\uc740 \uc624\ub798\ub41c \uc77c\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. (\ucd5c\uadfc \uc640\uc11c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \u2018\uc678\ud615\u2019\uc5d0 \uce58\uc911\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \ube44\ud310)<\/p>\n

Zilu said, \u2018I heard the master say thus, \u201cRegarding funeral, having enough provisions to abide by li without having enough sadness, is not as good as having enough sadness without having enough provisions to abide by li. Regarding ancestral ceremony, having enough provisions to abide by li without having enough respect for the dead, is not as good as having enough respect for the dead without having enough provisions to abide by li. (Li ji, Dan Gong 56)
\n\u5b50\u8def\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u543e\u805e\u8af8\u592b\u5b50\uff1a\u55aa\u79ae\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u54c0\u4e0d\u8db3\u800c\u79ae\u6709\u9918\u4e5f\uff0c\u4e0d\u82e5\u79ae\u4e0d\u8db3\u800c\u54c0\u6709\u9918\u4e5f\u3002\u796d\u79ae\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u656c\u4e0d\u8db3\u800c\u79ae\u6709\u9918\u4e5f\uff0c\u4e0d\u82e5\u79ae\u4e0d\u8db3\u800c\u656c\u6709\u9918\u4e5f\u3002\u300d (\ub2e8\uad81 56)<\/p>\n

\u2018Subjectivity\u2019, conviction (groundless or proper)<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Master said, \u2018A man of wisdom is not distracted by doubts, a man of ethical integrity is not plagued by worries, a man of courage is not shriveled by fear.\u2019
\n\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u77e5\u8005\u4e0d\u60d1\uff0c\u4ec1\u8005\u4e0d\u6182\uff0c\u52c7\u8005\u4e0d\u61fc\u3002\u300d (\u5b50\u7f55, 9.29)<\/p>\n

The Master said, \u2018You may learn together but you may not choose the right path together. Perhaps you may choose the right path together but you may not achieve the goal together. Perhaps you may even achieve your goal together, but you cannot make judgment together.\u2019
\n\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u53ef\u8207\u5171\u5b78\uff0c\u672a\u53ef\u8207\u9069\u9053\uff1b\u53ef\u8207\u9069\u9053\uff0c\u672a\u53ef\u8207\u7acb\uff1b\u53ef\u8207\u7acb\uff0c\u672a\u53ef\u8207\u6b0a\u3002\u300d (\u5b50\u7f55, 9.30)<\/p>\n

Unsupported thought<\/strong><\/p>\n

Guan Yin Zi said, \u2018Judgment of the petty and the lowly results in evil; judgment of a noble man results in good; judgment of a saint results in no gain. Only when your judgment leads to no gain will you be practicing the Dao.\u2019 (Wen Shi Zhen Jing)
\n\u95dc\u5c39\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u5c0f\u4eba\u4e4b\u6b0a\uff0c\u6b78\u4e8e\u60e1\uff1b\u541b\u5b50\u4e4b\u6b0a\uff0c\u6b78\u4e8e\u5584\uff1b\u8056\u4eba\u4e4b\u6b0a\uff0c\u6b78\u4e8e\u7121\u6240\u5f97\u3002\u60df\u7121\u6240\u5f97\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u70ba\u9053\u3002\u300d
\n\uc18c\uc778\uc758 \ud310\ub2e8\uc740 \uc545\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc\ub85c \uadc0\uacb0\ub418\uace0, \uad70\uc790\uc758 \ud310\ub2e8\uc740 \uc120\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc\ub85c \uadc0\uacb0\ub418\uba70, \uc131\uc778\uc758 \ud310\ub2e8\uc740 \uc544\ubb34\ub7f0 \uc774\ub4dd\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uadc0\uacb0\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc544\ubb34\ub7f0 \uc774\ub4dd\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uac83\ub9cc\uc774 \ub3c4\ub97c \ud589\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. (\u300a\u6587\u59cb\u771f\u7d93\u00b7\u4e00\u5b87\u300b \ub3c4\uad50 5\ub300 \uacbd\uc804 \uc911 \ud558\ub098)<\/p>\n

Bodhisattva should produce \u2018an unsupported thought, \u2026a thought unsupported by sights, sounds, smells, tastes, touchables or mind-objects.\u2019 \u2014 The Diamond Sutra, ch. 10c (Edward Conze, Buddhist Wisdom Books, pp. 47-48).<\/p>\n

Defeatism? Escapism? Or courageous engagement ?
\n<\/strong>
\n\u4eba\u4e0d\u77e5\u800c\u4e0d\u614d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ea6\u541b\u5b50\u4e4e\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u77e5\u8005\u4e0d\u60d1\uff0c\u4ec1\u8005\u4e0d\u6182\uff0c\u52c7\u8005\u4e0d\u61fc\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/a>\"image_print\"<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rightness v. Benefit (\u7fa9 v \u5229) Confucius said, \u201cA noble man finds joy in rightness, the petty and the lowly find joy in benefit.\u201d (Lunyu, 4.16) \u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u541b\u5b50\u55bb\u65bc\u7fa9\uff0c\u5c0f\u4eba\u55bb\u65bc\u5229\u3002\u300d (\u91cc\u4ec1, 4.16) Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ee9c Mengzi had audience with King Hui of Liang. The King said, \u201cYou did not consider thousands of milesto be a long distance and ...continue reading \"Limits of rationality – \u2018supra-rationality\u2019 of ethical choice\"<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-aclp","h-entry","hentry","h-as-article"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1654","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1654"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1654\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1654"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1654"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lawlec.korea.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1654"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}